mfpy ,e;jpa gh.[. jiytuhf ghfp];jhDf;Fr; nrd;w mj;thdp mq;fpUe;J ,e;jpah jpUk;gpaJk; jdJ gjtpia uh[pdhkh nra;J tpl;lhu;. ,jw;F %y fhuzk; KfkJ myp [pd;dh vd;W nrhd;dhy; mJ kpifahfhJ. KfkJ myp [pd;dh kjr;rhu;gw;w jiytu; vd;W ghfp];jhd; nrd;w mj;thdp Gfo;e;Jiuj;jij tpRt ,e;J gup\j; fLikahf fz;oj;jjd; tpisthfNt gh.[. jiytu; gjtpia mtu; uh[pdhkh nra;jhu;. cz;ikapy; KfkJ myp [pd;dh vg;gb tsH;e;jhu;> mtu; vjdhy; ghfp];jhid cUthf;f ghLgl;lhu; vd;w tptuj;ij ,e;j fl;Liuapy; fhzyhk;.

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Mrpa N[hjp [t`u;yhy; NeUitg; NghyNt [pd;dhtpd; ,sikg; gUtk; nry;tr; nropg;ghdjhFk;. Nkhjpyhy; NeUitg; NghyNt [pd;dhtpd; je;ijAk; ngUk; gzf;fhuu; fuhr;rpapd; ek;gu; xd; gzf;fhuf; FLk;gk; mtUilajhFk;. MfNt Rfkhd tho;f;if> nrhFrhd tsu;g;G> rpe;j; kju]h-my;-,];yhk; Muk;gg; ghl rhiyapy; gbj;J tpl;L xU fpwp];jt kp\d; cau;epiyg; gs;spf;Fr; nrd;whu; [pd;dh. gbg;gpy; mtu; fhl;oa Mu;tk; mRuj;jdkhf ,Ue;jJ. tof;fwpQuhf Ntz;Lk; vd;gJjhd; mtuJ ,sikf;fhy fdthf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; mtuJ je;ijNah tu;j;jfj;Jiwapy; mtu; rpwe;j fy;tpiag; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;gpdhu;. ,jdhy; fuhr;rpapy; Muk;gf; fy;tpia Kbj;j ifNahL jdJ 16-tJ tajpNyNa ,q;fpyhe;J nrd;whu;. Kjypy; fpufhk; \pg;gpq; fk;ngdpapy; Nru;e;J tu;j;jfk; gbj;jhu;. gpwF ypq;fd;;]; ,d;];; fy;tpf; fofj;jpy; Nru;e;J tf;fPYf;F gbj;jhu;. kpfTk; ,sk; tajpy; ghup];lu; gl;lk; ngw;w ,e;jpau; vd;w jFjpia jdJ 20-tJ tajpNyNa ngw;whu;.

,e;jpah jpUk;gpa mtu; fuhr;rpapy; tHf;fwpQuhf gjpT nra;J nfhz;lhu;. gpd;du; Kk;ig cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;fwpQuhfg; gzpahw;wp cs;shu;. mq;F VjhtJ xU tof;fpw;F [pd;dh M[uhfpwhu; vd;why; muRj; jug;G tof;fwpQu;fs; $Lkhdtiu tha;jh thq;fNt tpUk;Gthu;fshk;. me;j msTf;F mtuJ thjj;jpwik #g;guhf ,Uf;Fk;. MdhYk; $l nfhQ;r fhyk;jhd; [pd;dh tof;fwpQuhf gzpGupe;Js;shu;. mNj rkak; mtu; ngw;w ntw;wpiag; NghyNth> mjd; %yk; mtu; ngw;w nry;tj;ijg; NghyNth mf;fhyj;jpy; ahUk; ngw;wpUf;f KbahJ. mNjrkak; ngUk; gzf;fhuu; xUtu; ngUk; njhif jUtjhfTk; jdJ tof;fwpQuhf kl;Lk; ,Uf;Fk; gbAk; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lNghJ mij Vw;f [pd;dh jpl;l tl;lkhf kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. xU rkak; mtu; jw;fhypf Kjd;ik kh[p];jpNul;lhfTk; gzpGupe;Js;shu;. mg;NghJ mtu; ngw;w khj Cjpak; &1500 vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. 1905y; [pd;dh jdJ tof;fwpQu; gzpia Xuk; fl;b tpl;L ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpy; Nru;e;jhu;. ,ij Kk;ig cau;ePjpkd;w tl;lhuNk vjpu;ghu;f;ftpy;iy.

fhq;fpu]; ,af;fj;jpy; njhlu;e;J gbg;gbahd tsu;r;rpiag; ngw;w [pd;dhtpd; ftdk; ,e;jpah KOtJk; rpjwpf; fple;j  Nfhbf;fzf;fhd K];ypk;fspd; kPJ jpUk;gpaJ. fhq;fpu]py; ,Ue;jNghNj gk;gha; K];ypk; yPf; fpis nghWg;igAk;> N`hk;&y; ,af;fg; nghWg;igAk; Nru;j;J ftdpj;J te;Js;shu;. mg;NghJ fhq;fpuRf;Fk; K];ypk; yPf;Ff;Fk; ,izg;G ghykhfNt mtu; nray;gl;L te;Js;shu;. ,e;J-K];ypk; xw;Wikf;fhd J}ju;> tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuu;> rpwe;j ghuhSkd;wthjp> rl;l epGzu; vd;w gy Kfq;fs; mtUf;F ,Ue;Js;sJ. tuyhw;wpy; [hu;[; th\pq;ld;> gp];khu;f;> fht+u;> fupghy;b> nydpd;> Ml;llu;f; Nghd;w Gfo; ngw;wtu;fSld; Nru;j;J vz;zg;glj;jf;ftu; [pd;dh vd;W gyUk; Gfo;e;J ciuj;Js;sdu;.

1890y; fhq;fpu]; khehl;od; NghJ 702 gpujpepjpfspy; 156 Ngu; K];ypk;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. Mdhy; 1905y; ntWk; 17 K];ypk;fSf;F kl;LNk gpujpepjpj;Jtk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. NfhghyfpU\;z NfhfNy K];ypk;fspd; ez;gu; vd;W Nghw;wg;gl;ltu;. mtuJ fhyj;jpNyNa K];ypk;fs; ,g;gb xJf;fg;gl;lJ [pd;dhTf;F mjpUg;jpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. 1909y; gk;gha; K];ypk;fspd; Xl;ilg; ngw;W ghuhS kd;wj;Jf;F [pd;dh nrd;whu;. mijj; njhlu;e;J rpwpJ fhy ,ilntsp jtpu 1947 tiu mtu; vk;.gp.ahfNt ,Ue;Js;shu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

fhq;fpurpy; mtUf;F Vw;gl;l fUj;J NtWghL fhuzkhf K];ypk;yPf;if KOf;f KOf;f epu;tfpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W fsj;jpy; ,wq;fpdhu;. mg;NghJ 1940y; yh$upy; ele;j khehl;oy; …'K];ypk;fSf;F jdp ehL Ntz;Lk;" vd;W  jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpwF xU tpdhb $l [pd;dh jd;idg; gw;wp vz;zpg; ghu;f;ftpy;iy. ghfp];jhd;> ghfp];jhd;> ghfp];jhd; vd;W mtuJ rpe;jid KOtJk; xU KOikahd ,];yhkpa Njrk; Fwpj;Nj ,Ue;jJ. jd; jsuhj Kaw;rpapd; gydhf ghfp];jhd; fdit edthf;fpf; nfhz;L mtu; fuhr;rpapy; fhy; itj;jhu;. 1947 Mf];L 14-k; ehs; ghfp];jhd; gpwe;jJ. Kjy; ftu;du; n[duyhf [pd;dh nghWg;Ngw;whu;. mtiu fhapNj Mrhk; KfkJ myp [pd;dh vd;W midtUk; Nghw;wpdu;. Rje;jpukile;j xNu tUlj;jpy; mtu; fhykhdhu;. [pd;dh kl;Lk; ,d;Dk; nfhQ;r fhyk; capNuhL ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; ghfp];jhdpd; rupj;jpuNk khwp ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;jpahitf; fhl;bYk; rpwe;j [dehaf ehlhf ghfp];jhid mtu; tbtikj;jpUg;ghu; vd;W gpupl;b\; uhZt mjpfhup xUtu; kTz;l; Ngl;ldplk; $wpdhu;. mjw;F kTz;l; Ngl;ld; gjpy; mspf;Fk;NghJ> '……[pd;dh ,j;jid rPf;fpuk; ,we;J tpLthu; vd;W Kd;$l;bNa njupe;jpUe;jhy; gpupl;b\; muR ghfp];jhd; gpuptpidf;Nf rk;kjpj;jpUf;fhJ" vd;W $wp cs;shu;.

KfkJ myp [pd;dh 1876k; Mz;L brk;gu; 25-e;Njjp fpwp];Jk]; jpdj;jpy; fuhr;rpapy; ept;d;`hk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. ,tuJ je;ij Njhy; tpahghuk; nra;J te;jhu;. uh[Gj;jpu ,e;J tk;rj;ij Nru;e;j ,tuJ %jhijau;fs; ,];yhj;ij jOtpajd; mbg;gilapy; K];ypkhdhu;. [pd;dh vd;gjw;F F[uhj; nkhopapy; xy;ypahdtu; vd;W nghUs;. KfkJ myp [pd;dhTf;F mfkJ myp> ge;Nj myp vd;w 2 rNfhjuu;fSk;> ghj;jpkh [pd;dh vd;w rNfhjupAk; cz;L. Kjy; kidtp ngau; mikgha;. yz;ldpy; nrd;W [pd;dh ghup];lu; gl;lk; ngw;W jpUk;gp fuhr;rpapy; tof;fwpQuhf gzp Gupe;jhu;. yz;ldpy; gbj;j fhyj;jpNyNa ,tu; jhjhgha; et;Nuh[pAld; ,ize;J Nju;jy; gzpahw;wp cs;shu;. uj;jd;gha; ngl;bl; vd;w ghu;rP ngz;izAk; mtu; 2-tjhf jpUkzk; nra;Js;shu;. gpd;du; me;j ngz; ,];yhj;ij jOtpAs;shu;. Muk;g fhyj;jpy; [pd;dh fhq;fpu];fhuuhfNt jdJ murpay; tho;f;ifia njhlq;fpdhu;.  gpd;du; fUj;J NtWghL fhuzkhf fhq;fpurpy; ,Ue;J tpyfp K];ypk;yPf; jiytuhdhu;.

ghfp];jhd; jdp ehlhf cUthf;fg;gl;l gpwF Kjy; ftu;du; n[duyhf KfkJ myp [pd;dh nghWg;Ngw;whu;. mg;NghJ mtu; jdJ nka;f;fhg;ghsdplk; '…vd; tho;ehspy; ghfp];jhidg; ngWNtd; vd;W ehd; fdtpYk; epidf;ftpy;iy" vd;W $wp cs;shu;. ghfp];jhd; ftu;du; n[duyhd gpwF KfkJ myp [pd;dh tho;e;jJ ntWk; 393 ehs;jhd;. 1948 brg;lk;gu; 11-k; ehs; mtu; kiwe;jhu;. KfkJ myp [pd;dh tof;fwpQuhf ,Ue;jNghJ gs;spthry; Kd; Nksjhsk; thrpg;gij jLf;ff; Nfhup xU tof;F te;jJ. tprhuiz ele;J nfhz;oUe;jNghJ [pd;dh xU ngd;rpyhy; Nki[iaj; jl;o mt;tg;NghJ Xir vOg;gp cs;shu;. clNd ePjpgjp Vd; Nfhu;l;oy; ,g;gb rj;jk; nra;fpwPu;fs; vd;W fz;bj;Js;shu;. mg;NghJ [pd;dh '…Nfhu;l;by; rj;jk; vOg;gpaij ePq;fs; Fw;wk; nrhy;fpwPu;fs;. mikjpahf ,iwtid tzq;Fk; gs;spthry; Kd; Nksjhsk; %yk; rj;jk; vOg;GtJ vg;gb rupahFk;"> vd;W Nfl;lhu;. clNd ePjpgjp gs;spthry; Kd; Nksjhsk; vOg;g jil tpjpj;J jPu;g;Gf;$wpdhu;. xU jlit kfhj;kh fhe;jp [pd;dhtplk; cq;fis ehd; kp];lu; [pd;dh vd miof;fth> [dhg; [pd;dh vd miof;fth> vd;W Nfl;f mjw;F mtu; Nuh[hit vUf;fk;g+ vd;W mioj;jhYk; Nuh[h Nuh[hjhd;. mjdhy; ePq;fs; vg;gb Ntz;LkhdhYk; miof;fyhk; vd gjpy; $wpdhuhk;.