(Ke;ija gf;fk;)             njhlu; 2

6 cghfkk; Fwpg;gJ VRitay;y.!

• ,uz;L xw;Wikfis kl;LNk msTNfhyhff;nfhz;L ,t;trdj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdtu; VRjhd; vd;W ePq;fs; KbT nra;jhy; NkhNrtpw;Fg; gpd;dhy; Njhd;wpa> rhyNkhd;> Vrhah> vrf;fpNay;> jhdpNay;> Yrpah> Nahty;> ky;fpah> Nahthd; ];ehdd; Nghd;w...

iggpspy; $wg;gLk; gpuKfu;fs; midtUk; a+ju;fshfTk;> jPu;f;fjuprpfshfTk; cs;sdNu! vdNt ,t;trdj;jpy; $wg;gLgtu;> ,g;gpuKfu;fspy; vtNuDk; xUtuhf ,Uf;ff;$LNk!

Vd; VRit kl;Lk; ,t;trdj;jpw;F xg;gpLfpwPu;fs;..? vd;W ehd; tpdh vOg;gpNdd;. Nghjfu; vdf;F gjpy; VJk; $wtpy;iy.

7 NkhNritg; Nghd;wtu; K`k;kNj> VR my;y.!

• vdJ tpsf;fj;jpy; jtW ,Ue;jhy; Rl;bf;fhl;Lk;gb mtuplk; Ntz;bf;nfhz;L> VR NkhNrtplk; ,Ue;J gytpjq;fspy; khWgLfpwhu; vd;fpw vdJ Kbitf; $wj; njhlq;fpNdd;. mjw;fhd mwpTg;g+u;tkhd fhuzq;fis gpd; tUkhW tupirg; gLj;jpf; $wyhNdd;.

fpwp];jtu;fspd; $w;Wg;gb.

• VR flTs; -  Mdhy; NkhNr flTs; my;y.

• VR cyfj;jhupd; ghtq;fSf;fhf> jd; capiu ePj;jhu; - Mdhy; NkhNr cyfj;jhupd; ghtq;fSf;fhf capu; Jwf;ftpy;iy.

• VR %d;W ehl;fs; eufj;jpw;Fr; nrd;wpUe;jhu; - NkhNr eufj;jpw;Fr; nry;ytpy;iy.

vdNt VR NkhNritg; Nghd;wtu; vd;W xg;gPL nra;tJ nghUj;jkhdjy;y> vd;w tpsf;fj;ijf; $wpNdd;. Nkw;$wpa Ntw;Wikfisf; nfhz;L kl;Lk; vdJ thjj;ij cz;ik vd;W jhq;fs; xg;Gf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W ehd; $wtpy;iy. ,d;Dk; mNef mk;rq;fspy; VRTk; NkhNrAk; jq;fSf;Fs; Ntw;WikAilatu;fshf ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. mit vd;ndd;d..?

m. ngw;Nwhu; tp\aj;jpy;.

• 1. NkhNrAk;> K`k;kJk; jha; je;ij cilatu;fshf ,Ue;jhu;fs;> Mdhy; VR jha; kl;LNk cilatuhf ,Ue;jhu;> vdNt VR NkhNriag; Nghd;wtuy;y> Mdhy; K`k;kJ NkhNriag; Nghd;wtu;.

M. gpwg;G Kiwapy;.

• 2. NkhNr> K`k;kj; ,t;tpUtupd; gpwg;Gk; ,aw;ifahfTk;> rhjhuzkhfTk; ,Ue;jJ VRtpd; gpwg;G mjprakhdjhf ,Ue;jJ. VRtpd; gpwg;G Fwpj;J iggpspd; Gjpa Vw;ghl;by;...

• 'VR fpwp];JtpDila n[eej;jpd; tpgukhtJ> mtUila jhahfpa kupahs; NahNrg;Gf;F epakpf;fg;gl;bUf;ifapy;> mtu;fs; $b tUKd;Nd mts; gupRj;j Mtpapdhy; fu;g;gtjpahdhs; vd;W fhzg;gl;lJ." (kj;NjA mjpfhuk;-1 trdk;-18) vd;Wk;.

kupahSf;F gpwf;f ,Ue;j Foe;ij Gdpjkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij iggps; $Wk; rkak;..

• 'NjtJ}jd; mtSf;Fg; gpujpAj;jukhf> gupRj;j Mtp cd;Nky; tUk;> cd;djkhdtUila gyk; cd;Nky; epoypLk;> Mjyhy; cd;dplj;jpy; gpwf;Fk; gupRj;jKs;sJ NjtDila Fkhud; vdg;gLk;". (Y}f;fh mjpfhuk;-1 trdk;-35)

vd;Wk; Gjpa Vw;ghl;by; VRtpd; mjprag; gpwg;G Fwpj;J cWjp $WfpwJ. ,d;Dk; jpUf;Fu;Md;...

• (mjw;F kupak; jd; ,iwtid Nehf;fp) 'vd; ,iwtNd ve;jnthU kdpjUk; vd;idj; jPz;lhjpUf;Fk; NghJ vdf;F vt;thW re;jjp Vw;gLk;"? vd;W $wpdhs;. (mjw;F ,iwtd;) ',t;thNw my;yh`; jhd; ehbaijg; gilf;fpwhd;. mtd; xU nghUis (g;gilf;f) ehbdhy; mjid 'MFf" vd;Wjhd; $Wthd; clNd mJ MfptpLk;" vd;W $wpdhd;. (jpUf;Fu;Md; - 3:47)

vd;W VRtpd; gpwg;gpd; mjpraj;ij rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WfpwJ> ,iwtd; xU kdpjidNah xU nghUisNah gilf;f ehbdhy;> mg;nghONj mJ cUthfptpLfpwJ vd;gJjhd; VRtpd; gpwg;igf; Fwpj;J K];ypk;fSila fUj;J. ,jd; %yk; VRtpDila gpwg;G mjprakhdJ vd;Wk; NkhNr> K`k;kj; ,t;tpUtupd; gpwg;Gk; ,aw;ifahdJ vd;Wk; tpsq;Fk;.

• vdNt 'cd;idg;Nghy;" vd;w trdk; (VRtpd; gpwg;G NkhNrapd; gpwg;gpypUe;J khWgLtjhy;) K`k;kj; (]y;) mtu;fisNa Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

,. tho;f;if epiyapy;.

• 3.NkhNrAk;> K`k;kJk; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;ltu;fshfTk;> re;jjpAilatu;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdu;. Mdhy; VR tho;ehs; KOtJk; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;shky; gpuk;kr;rhupahfNt ,Ue;jhu;. vdNt NkhNrAk;> K`k;kJk; jkf;fpilNa xw;Wik cs;stu;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdu;.

<. kf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifia ngw;wjpy;.

• 4. NkhNr> K`k;kj; ,t;tpUtUk; mtu;fspd; MAl;fhyj;jpNyNa mtu;fsJ kf;fshy; ',iwtdpd; jPu;f;fjuprpfs; ,tu;fs;" vd;W Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;.

• NkhNrTf;F mNef njhy;iyfisAk; Jd;gq;fisAk; a+ju;fs; (,];uNtyu;fs;) ,ioj;jhu;fs;. ,Ue;jNghjpYk; ',iwtdhy; jq;fSf;F mDg;gg; gl;l jPu;f;fjuprpjhd; ,tu;" vd;W NkhNrapd; MAl;fhyj;jpNyNa mtiu Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;.

• ,iltplhJ 13 Mz;Lfs; cgNjrq;fs; nra;J kf;fis ey;topg; gLj;jpl Kad;whu; K`k;kj;> mugpau;fs; mtUf;Fg; gy ,d;dy;fis ,ioj;jdu;> ,ilQ;ry;fis Vw;gLj;jpdu;> kf;fh efiutpl;L ntspNaw;wTk; nra;jdu;. Mdhy; K`k;kjpd; MAl;fhyj;jpNyNa mtiu ',iwtdhy; mDg;gg;gl;l ,iwj;J}ju; ,tu;" vd;W Kw;wpYkhf Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;.

• ,d;W 2000 Mz;Lfs; fope;j gpd;dUk; ,]uNtyu;fs; (a+ju;fs;) VRit ,iwtdpd; jPu;f;fjuprp vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy. ,ij iggpspd; Gjpa Vw;ghL njspT gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

• mtu; jkf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdjpNyNa te;jhu;> mtUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdtu;fNsh mtiu Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy. (Nahthd; mjpfhuk;-1 trdk;-11

c. Ml;rpajpfhuk; nrYj;jpajpy;.

• 5. NkhNrAk;> K`k;kJk; ,iwtdpd; jPu;f;fjuprpfs; kl;Lky;yhJ mtu;fsJ kf;fSf;F jiyikNaw;w muru;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdu;. jPu;f;fjuprp vd;gtu; kdpju;fis Neu;topapy; elhj;jpl ,iwtd; mUSk; Gdpjf; fl;lisfisg; ngw;W mjpy; vt;tpj khw;wKk; nra;ahky; kf;fSf;F mwptpg;gtu; Mthu;.

xUkdpjd; murd; vd kFlk; #l;bf; nfhs;shtpl;lhYk;> mtdJ kf;fspilNa rl;lj;ij epiy ehl;LgtdhfTk;> jtW nra;gtu;fisj; jz;bf;Fk; (kuz jz;lid tpjpf;Fk;) mjpfhuk; cilatdhfTk; ,Ue;jhy; mtd; murdhfNt fUjg;gLthd;.

• jdJ kf;fsplk; NkhNr kuz jz;lid toq;Fk; mjpfhuk; cilatuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtuJ jz;lid tpjpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;jpdhy; Xa;T ehspy; tpwF Nrfupj;j a+jidf; fy;nywpe;J nfhd;whu;fs; vd;gij iggpspd; gioa Vw;ghL tptupf;fpwJ.

• 'mg;nghOJ rigahu; vy;yhUk; fu;j;ju; NkhNrf;F fl;lisapl;lgbNa mtidg; ghisaj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;Ng nfhz;L Ngha;f; fy;nywpe;jhu;fs; mtd; nrj;jhd;" (vz;zhfkk; mjpfhuk;-15 trdk;-36) 

• ,J kl;Lky;yhJ ,];uNtyu;fs; ,ioj;j jtWfSf;fhf> gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtu;fSf;F NkhNrapdhy; kuz jz;lid mspf;fg;gl;lij iggps; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

• K`k;kJk; NkhNriag; Nghd;W ,iwtd; tpjpj;j rl;lq;fis epiy ehl;lTk;> kuz jz;lid toq;fplTk; jdJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; mjpfhuk; cilatuhf ,Ue;jhu;.

• jPu;f;fjuprpfs; rpyu;> ,iwtdpd; Gdpjf; fl;lis mUsg; ngw;wtu;fshf ,Ue;Jk;> kf;fspilNa ,f;fl;lisfis nray;gLj;jplTk;> mjpfhuk; nra;a ,ayhjpUe;jdu;> vd;gij iggpspy; gy ,lq;fspy; fhzyhk;.

• Nyhj; (Y}j;egp)> Nahdh (a+D];egp)> v];wh Nahthd; ];ehdd; (a`;ahegp) Nghd;w jPu;f;fjuprpfs; mwptpj;j Gdpjr; nra;jpfs; mtu;fSila kf;fshy; KOikahf kWf;fg;gl;L tpl;ld. Jujp\;l trkhf VRTk; Nkw;$wpa gl;baypy;jhd;  ,lk;ngWfpwhu; vd;gijAk; iggps; cWjp nra;fpwJ.

C. iggpspd; rhl;rpak;.

VRit uh[h JNuhff; Fw;wk; rhl;b Nuhkd; Njrhjpgjp nghe;jpA gpyhj;J (pontius Pilate) Kd;ghf tprhuizf;F nfhz;L nrd;wpUe;jhu;fs;. ,r;rkak; VR Fw;wj;ij kWj;J> jdJ ,uh[;ak; ,t;TyFf;Fupajy;y vd;Wk;> jdJ ,uh[;ak; ,iwtdJ ,uh[;aj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhFk; vd;Wk; njuptpj;jhu;.

• 'VR gpujpAj;jukhf> vd; ,uh[;ak; ,t;Tyfj;Jf;Fupajy;y> vd; uh[;ak; ,t;Tyfj;jpw;Fupajhdhy; ehd; a+juplj;jpy; xg;Gf; nfhLf;fhjgbf;F vd; Copaf;fhuu;fs; NghuhbapUg;ghu;fNs> ,g;gbapUf;f vd; ,uh[;ak; ,t;Tyfj;jpw;Fupajy;y vd;whu;". (Gjpa Vw;ghL: Nahthd; mjpfhuk;-18 trdk;-36)

• ,e;j gjpyhy; KOj; jpUg;jpaile;j gpyhj;J VRtpdhy; jdJ uh[;aj;jpw;F jPq;Ffs; VJkpy;iy vd;Wk;. ,tu; $Wk; uh[;ak; ,iwtdJ uh[;aj;ijg; gw;wpaJ vd;Wk; rkhjhdk; mile;jhd;.

• vdNt VR jk;kf;fsplk; ,iwtdhy; mUsg;ngw;w Gdpjf; fl;lisfis mwptpf;f kl;LNk Kbe;jJ> mjpfhuk; nra;a ,aytpy;iy vd;gij mwpayhk; Mifahy; VR NkhNriag; Nghy; my;y> Mdhy; K`k;kJ NkhNria xj;jpUf;fpwhu;.

v. Gjpa rl;l mikg;Gf; nfhz;L te;jjpy; kW rPuikg;Gg; gzpapy;.

• 6. K`k;kJ mNugpa kf;fspilNa epytp te;j mwpahikiaAk;> %l gof;f tof;fq;fisAk; mfw;wp mtu;fis ey;topg;gLj;jpdhu;. K`k;kJ jdJ kf;fspd; (mNugpau;fspd;) eilKiwahf ,Ue;J te;j tof;fq;fshd..       

• tsu;g;Gj; jhia jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;Sjy;.

• ngz; kfTfis capUld; Gijj;jy;.

• kJ mUe;Jjy;.

• gpwu; kidtpAld; clYwT nfhs;Sjy;.

• rpiy tzf;fk; nra;jy;> #jhLjy;> Nghd;w nfhba nray;fis tpl;Lj; jLj;J mtu;fis Neu;topg;gLj;jpdhu;.

V. tuyhw;W mwpQu;fspd; kdkhu;e;j rhd;Wfs;.

Nguhrpupau; fpg;gd; (Gibbon) vd;w tuyhw;W Mrpupau; jdJ Nuhkg; Nguurpd; rupTk; tPo;r;rpAk;> (Decline and Fall of Roman Empire) vd;fpw E}ypy; K`k;kJf;F Kd; cs;s fhyj;jpy; tho;e;J te;j mNugpa kf;fisg; gw;wpj; njuptpf;Fk;NghJ gpd; tUkhW $Wfpwhu;...

• ',tu;fs; mwptw;w fhl;Lkpuhz;bfshf> kdpju;fs; vdf; fUjf;$ba (xOf;f uPjpahd) milahsk; VJkpy;yhJ tpyq;Ffshff; fhzg;gl;ldu;. kpUfq;fSf;Fk; ,k;kdpju;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s tpj;jpahrk; vd;gJ ,tu;fsJ kdpj cUtk; kl;Lk;jhd; vd;wpUe;jJ".

,t;thW mwpahik ,Uspy; %o;fpf; fple;j kf;fis K`k;kJ Neu;topg; gLj;jpa nra;jpia jhk]; fhu;iyy; (Thomos Carlyle) jdJ E}ypy; jdJ E}ypy; (in to Torch Bearers of Light and Learning) gpd; tUkhW tu;zpf;fpwhu;...

• 'mNugpah jdJ ,Uspy; ,Ue;J Gjpa ntspr;rj;ijg; ngw;W mwpahikf; fise;jJ. ,t;Tyfpd; Muk;g fhye;njhl;Nl ghiytdq;fspy; ML Nka;j;Jf; nfhz;L xUtuhYk; mwpag;glhkypUe;J te;j ,k;kf;fs; cyf rKjhaj;jpy; jiy rpwe;jtu;fshf xspuj; njhlq;fpdu;> K`k;kjpd; ,e; ey;nyhOf;fk; fpudhlhtpypUe;J nly;yp tiu gutp> E}W Mz;LfSf;Fs; mNugpahit Gfo; ngw;w ehlhf khw;wpaJ".

,e;j rhd;Wfs; giwrhw;Wk; cz;ik vd;d?> ,itnay;yhk; ekf;F vijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd? K`k;kJ (]y;) mtu;fs;> jdJ kf;fSf;F Kd;G vg;NghJkpy;yhj Gjpa rl;lq;fisAk;> rPu; jpUj;jq;fisAk; nfhz;L te;jhu; vd;gijNa ,itaidj;Jk; ekf;Ff; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

I. VRtpd; me;j];J - iggpspd; rhd;Wfs;.

VR jq;fsJ gioa Nfhl;ghLfisAk; nfhs;iffisAk; gof;f newpfisGk; khw;WfpwhNuh> vd;W re;Njfk; nfhz;l ,];uNtyu;fs;> ,J gw;wp tpdtpaNghJ mtu; Gjpa topKiwfisNah> rl;lq;fisNah jhk; eilKiwg;gLj;jtpy;iy - vd;gijj; njspthff; $Wfpwhu;.

• 'epahag; gpukhzj;ijahdhYk; mopf;fpwJf;F te;Njd; vd;W vz;zpf; nfhs;shNjAq;fs;> mopf;fpwjw;F my;y> epiwNtw;Wfpwjw;Nf te;Njd;" (Gjpa Vw;ghL kj;NjA mjpfhuk;-5 trdk;-17)

• 'thdKk; g+kpAk; xope;J NghdhYk;.> epahag; gpukhzj;jpYs;snjy;yhk; epiwNtWksTk; mjpy; rpW vOj;jhfpYk;> xU vOj;jpd; cUg;ghfpYk; xope;J NghfhJ vd;W nka;ahfNt cq;fSf;Fr; nrhy;YfpNwd;" (Gjpa Vw;ghL kj;NjA mjpfhuk;-5 trdk;-18)

Mifahy; VR Gjpa rl;l jpl;lq;fs; vijAk; jdJ kf;fsplk; eilKiwg; gLj;jtpy;iy> vd;Wk; gioa rl;lq;fisNa gpd;gw;w te;jhu; vd;Wk; czu;e;J nfhs;syhk;. ,tu; NkhNrtpDila (egp %]h (miy) mtu;fSila) fl;lidfisg; gpd;gw;wpAk; Xa;T ehis (rg;j; - rdpf;fpoikia) fz;zpag;gLj;jpAk; te;jhu;.

ve;jnthU a+jUk; VRtplj;jpy; 'jhq;fs; nra;tJ Gjpa nray; Kiwahf ,Uf;fpd;wdNt?" vd;W VRtplk; tpdtpajhff; fhzg;gltpy;iy. vdNt VR> NkhNrtplkpUe;J khWgLfpwhu;> K`k;kij xj;jpUf;fpwhu;. 

('cd;idg; Nghy;" vd;gJ NkhNriag; Nghy;> K`k;kJjhd;> vd;w rhd;Wfs; ,d;Dk; tUk;)    

jkpo; ,];yhkpa Muha;r;rp Clfk;

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